نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی- انگلیسی
نویسندگان
1 Department of Industrial Engineering, Yazd University, Safaiyeh
2 استاد، گروه مهندسی صنایع - بخش بهینهسازی سیستم، دانشگاه یزد
3 استاد، گروه مهندسی صنایع - بخش تحلیل سیستمها، دانشگاه یزد
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
In regulated pharmaceutical markets with fixed pricing and government oversight, trade credit is widely used to manage demand and sustain market share; however, uncoordinated use can lead to financial imbalances, bankruptcies, and restricted access to essential medicines, particularly in subsidized systems. This paper develops an optimization framework for a two-echelon pharmaceutical supply chain, incorporating fixed prices, subsidies, and temperature-sensitive perishability, to prevent financial flows from undermining drug supply and access. The model employs concave fractional programming in a Stackelberg game; the manufacturer sets credit terms, and the distributor optimizes replenishment. A numerical search algorithm tackles computational complexity. Multi-scenario analyses (coordinated, non-coordinated, centralized) reveal that treating trade credit as a dual-purpose instrument, supporting both demand management and coordination, improves profitability, financial stability, and drug availability. A demand function that captures sales managers’ credit decisions and competitive credit effects is incorporated, and subsidies on key inputs are shown to strengthen financial flows. A Weibull-based inventory model is employed to reduce spoilage in temperature-sensitive drugs. Validation via Python-based brute-force search confirms the accuracy of the optimization results. The framework provides managerial and policy insights for balancing economic sustainability and public health.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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